Chief Bill Bratton Leadership Essay Example for Free

Boss Bill Bratton Leadership Essay When one thinks about a pioneer, what sort of individual do we consider? Is that individual a legend that we see on TV, an animation character, a relative, or is that individual a community worker? Despite occupation and title, a pioneer is an individual who moves others and they realize how to propel individuals. â€Å"When they show up, you see something about them that sticks out. The inward quality of their authority capacity emerges†. (Gonzalez, 2007, February 1). Pioneers are people in your general vicinity of work who are centered around the jobs that needs to be done and they have an unmistakable and succinct vision on what their separate associations are decided to do. How would you know whether you are being a compelling pioneer? A pioneer is an individual who is gazed upward to and has an arrangement to get things achieved. Inside gatherings, a pioneer is the individual who settles on a ultimate conclusion for the gathering and it is an individual who is spurred to see accomplishment for their association. â€Å"A pioneer is on a mission and you can see it†. (Gonzalez, 2007, February 1). In the zone of law implementation, Bob Vernon states that there are six inquiries that each law requirement official pioneer ought to inquire as to whether they are being viable pioneers. Vernon states that every law implementation pioneer should glance in the mirror and inquire as to whether their association has the accompanying: a.) Direction, b.) Teamwork, c.) Staff improvement, d.) Principles, qualities, and strategies, e.) Communication, and f.) controls (Vernon 60-62). Hardly any officials were to a greater degree a pioneer than William Joseph â€Å"Bill† Bratton was. Bratton was conceived on October 6, 1947 in Dorchester, Massachusetts which is a suburb of Boston. He went to Boston Technical High School and graduated in 1965. Bratton proceeded to serve in the military and he served in the Vietnam War during the 1960’s. Bratton started his police profession with the Boston Police Department in 1970. Inside ten years he rose to the position of Superintendent. During Bratton’s police profession he held the situation of Superintendent with three of the biggest police organizations on the planet. Bratton presented with the Boston Police Department from 1991-1993, the New York City Police Department from 1994-1996, and in conclusion with the Los Angeles Police Department from 2002-2009. During Bratton’s residency with the New York Police Department, the work he did brought about emotional change in the degree of wrongdoing in the city. For instance, murder rates dropped from 2,500 every year to only under 1,000 every year. Shootings tumbled from 6,000 to 3,000 every year and burglaries from 85,000 to roughly 50,000 every year. (Blair, 2002, September, 23).

MGT501 - Mgmt. and Org. Behavior session long project 3 (learning Essay

MGT501 - Mgmt. also, Org. Conduct meeting long venture 3 (learning styles.) - Essay Example This appraisal overwhelmed me and I should state it was a charming shock. It’s great to know your own style of adapting instead of expecting you are acceptable in one style though that isn't generally your style. I think this appraisal is a finished away from of me and my style and is plainly my real style of learning. I do will in general be increasingly profitable when am verbal or social and furthermore, all things considered, Aural. These are unmistakable qualities and will end up being exceptionally useful in a working environment or association. The principle reasons being, an) at a working environment preparing is for the most part in bunches as opposed to one on one, b) being verbal is useful as it permits great articulation of self and c) together they structure a solid blend and consider bettered execution. In any work place it is basic to have the option to think in an intelligent way and have the option to get a handle on things in a gathering conversation. Subsequently I accept that the capacity to learn in social just as verbal way is a serious successful blend and can be valuable in the workplace. In view of the outcomes I don't think I have to develop myself in any territory considering this totally from an administrative perspective. I think the blend of being verbal and social will demonstrate to make a powerful mix in an association. Anyway to guarantee that my general capability is improved, I will take a shot at learning all styles as this will be useful to comprehend the others inside the association. I feel this apparatus is perhaps the best appraisal for one and permits individuals to find out about their own learning styles in a viable way. The appraisal is, as it were, precise and is extremely useful when an individual is uninformed of their learning style. Additionally this permits the people to gain proficiency with their lacking characteristics and work on personal growth of these procedures and aptitudes. By and large the evaluation is extremely intriguing, propelling and very

How Long Does Valium (Diazepam) Stay in Your System

How Long Does Valium (Diazepam) Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Print How Long Does Valium (Diazepam) Stay in Your System? Valium in Your Blood, Urine, Hair, Saliva By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 14, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 05, 2019 Diverse Images / UIG / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Effects Duration Factors That Affect Detection Time Elimination Symptoms of Overdose Getting Help View All Back To Top Valium (diazepam) is a fast-acting and long-lasting benzodiazepine that is often prescribed to treat anxiety disorders. Since being approved by the FDA in 1963, Valium has been prescribed for a range of medical conditions including muscle spasms, seizure disorders, restless leg syndrome, insomnia, and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. Benzodiazepines such as Valium were originally developed to replace more dangerous and addictive barbiturates. Despite the improved safety profile of Valium and other benzodiazepines, these substances can still lead to physical dependence and addiction even when taken exactly as prescribed.  Benzodiazepines like Valium are classified as Schedule IV controlled substances. Valium can also have potentially dangerous interactions with other substances,?? so knowing how long its effects last and how long it stays in your body can help minimize the risk of interaction side effects and accidental overdose. How Long Does Valium Stay in Your System? Urine: Up to six weeksBlood: Up to 48 hoursSaliva: Up to 10 daysHair: Up to 90 days What You Should Know About Benzodiazepines How Long Does It Take to Feel Effects? Valium works by facilitating the activity of the chemical GABA at various receptor sites in the brain. GABA reduces activity in different areas of the brain including regions that help control emotion, thought, memory, and automatic functions such as breathing. By increasing the effects of this brain chemical, Valium helps reduce anxiety, relax muscles, and increase drowsiness. Valium can be taken by mouth, injection, or rectal gel.?? ?When administered via injection, valium takes just one to five minutes to take effect. When taken orally, people usually begin to feel the effects 15 to 60 minutes after ingestion. Rectal gel may be used for those who are experiencing seizures and begins working quickly after administration. If you take Valium, its important to know how long the drug stays active in your system to avoid associated risks:?? Having too much Valium in your body at one time can cause serious side effects. These include seizures, tremors, a shuffling gait, fever, severe skin rash, yellowing of the skin or eyes, irregular heart rate,  shortness of breath, and difficulty swallowing.Valium can easily become habit-forming. After a period of time, you can develop a tolerance for the drug, making it less effective than when you first started taking it. As a result, you may have to take larger dosages to achieve the same effect that you once got, but to do so can increase your risk of addiction. Notably, long-term or heavy use of Valium can have some alarming consequences. Studies have found, for instance, that long-term use of Valium and similar drugs used to treat anxiety are associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimers.??Valium can have serious or even life-threatening side effects if you take certain other medications before its totally cleared from your body. Its especially dangerous to take sed atives, sleeping pills, or tranquilizers if you have Valium in your system. The same is true of drinking alcohol. What Are the Risks Associated With Taking Valium? How Long Does Valium Last? Valium has a half-life of approximately 48 hours.?? The half-life of a drug is how long it takes for half of a dose to be eliminated from the body. As Valium is processed by the body, it is broken down into other substances known as metabolites. In many cases, these metabolites are detectable in the body for much longer than the drug itself. The most common metabolites of Valium are nordiazepam, temazepam, and oxazepam. The metabolites of the drug may have much longer half-lives as well. Nordiazepam, for example, has a half-life of up to 100 hours. Valium also accumulates when people take multiple doses over a period of time, which can slightly prolong the total half-life of the substance. Valiumâ€"or rather metabolites associated with the medicationâ€"can be detected in the body in different ways.?? Urine Valium can be detected in urine for one to six weeks after being taken. Because of its widespread use, Valium is one of the drugs most frequently seen on urine drug screenings. People who have taken this drug usually test positive for a combination of Valium metabolites. It is the presence of these main metabolites that distinguishes prescription diazepam use from non-prescription benzodiazepine misuse. Blood Valium is detectable in blood for six to 48 hours. Blood tests tend to be used less frequently than other test methods due to the shorter detection window and the more invasive nature of the test. However, a blood test may be used in some forensic settings or to confirm an unexpected positive urine test result. Saliva A saliva test can detect Valium for one to 10 days after its taken. Research suggests that saliva testing can be a viable alternative to urine testing for the detection of Valium and other benzodiazepines.  ?? While saliva tests have a fairly long detection window, this type of testing can present some challenges. Valium side effects can include dry mouth or hypersalivation, which can affect the ability to collect an adequate sample or may dilute the amount of detectable substance in the oral fluid. Hair Like many other drugs, Valium can be detected with a hair follicle drug test for up to 90 days. The long detection window of this testing method means that it can be used to look for past drug use. If you have been prescribed Valium to treat anxiety or another condition, be sure to inform the testing lab, even if you are no longer taking your medication. False Positive Testing There are some medications that may cross-react with immunoassay drug screens. There are reports of the antidepressant medication Zoloft (sertraline) and prescription non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Daypro (oxaprozin) causing false-positive urine screens for benzodiazepines like Valium.?? Always disclose any prescription or over-the-counter medications you are taking to the lab so clinicians can accurately interpret your drug screen results. Factors That Affect Detection Time There are many variables that affect how long Valium remains in the body.??? The rate at which medications (and any substance for that matter) stick around depends on things like a persons metabolism, age, weight, and percentage of body fat. Activity level and hydration also can impact how long it takes medication to clear. Some health conditions, including liver impairments, can play a role in the rate at which drugs are metabolized by the body. Other factors that can affect how long Valium stays in a persons body have to do with the specific prescriptionâ€"the larger the dose and more frequently you take it, for example, likely means it will be detectable for longer. Why You Might Be Tested Some prospective employers order drug tests during the interviewing process to screen for possible drug misuse. A doctor may want to make sure you dont have traces of Valium in your system before prescribing another medication. How Long Do Benzodiazepines Stay in Your System? How to Get Valium Out of Your System The first step to getting Valium out of your system is to stop taking the drug, though you should never stop taking your prescribed medication without talking to your doctor first.?? ?Because your body can develop a tolerance and dependence on the substance, suddenly stopping your medication can decrease your bodys tolerance for the drug. If you start taking it again at the same dose, it can result in an accidental overdose. Discuss your options for safely stopping your medication, which may involve a gradual reduction in your dose in order to avoid withdrawal effects, a process known as tapering. Once you have safely stopped taking Valium, make sure that you stay well hydrated, eat a healthy diet, and get regular physical exercise. Such habits may help to slightly increase how quickly your body metabolizes and excretes the drug and its metabolites. Symptoms of Overdose Benzodiazepines such as Valium are usually considered safe when they are taken as prescribed. However, there are a number of factors that can increase the risk of overdose.?? These factors include taking Valium in combination with other CNS depressants, consuming alcohol in combination with Valium, taking more than your prescribed dose, or taking the drug more frequently than prescribed. Being aware of the signs of a Valium overdose is important so that you and your loved ones can get help as quickly as possible. Some of the signs of a potential Valium overdose include: Very deep sleepBlue lipsMental confusionDizzinessLack of coordinationBlurry visionWeaknessDifficulty breathingUnresponsiveness If someone is experiencing these symptoms, contact emergency services right away. Dangers of Sedative Overdose Getting Help Valium carries a risk of dependence. If you suddenly stop using Valium, you may experience symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal, which can include nausea, seizures, insomnia, muscle spasms, and mental changes like anxiety and depression. With longer-acting drugs like Valium, withdrawal symptoms may not appear for one to two days after your last dose. If you believe that you might have a physical dependence or addiction to Valium, talk to your doctor right away. Your doctor can offer advice and assistance. In some cases, you might want to seek help from a medical detox center, since benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms can be severe.   Treatment options may include inpatient or outpatient treatment centers, individual psychotherapy, or support groups to aid in your long-term recovery. Effective treatments may involve tapering your dosage to manage withdrawal symptoms as well as psychotherapeutic approaches including cognitive-behavioral therapy and contingency management. You can also find help by contacting the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration at 1-800-662-HELP (4357) or using their online tool to find treatment services in your area. Benzodiazepine Addiction and Dependence

Causes And Treatments Of Pancreatic Cancer - 832 Words

Hailey Luckie English 1301 Mrs.Bacon 23 October 2015 Pancreatic Cancer Cancer is a number one cause of death in both men and women around the world. Pancreatic cancer holds a survival rate of just 6% of people surviving within five years after being diagnosed, and there is still no definite cure to the deadly diagnosis. A majority of pancreatic cancer patients fight a long, tiring battle that they usually cannot defeat. Although, this cancer may be very deadly there are many early diagnosis procedures and treatments that can be performed to increase the chances of remission. With pancreatic cancer being one of the deadliest, not many people know exactly what this fatal disease consists of. Cancer is the rapid over growth of uncontrollable†¦show more content†¦As well as, yellowing of the patients skin, and often face the challenges of being able to digest food. Early symptoms and signs can lead patients into the early process of diagnosis tests, in order to confirm these faint symptoms. In order to begin the initial diagnosis process, an image of the pancreas, and a blood test is performed. The reasoning behind the blood test and imaging, is to verify the intensity of the cancerous cells, and the allow the doctors to determine how many organs have been affected. The Helix â€Å"Spiral† CT Scan, one of the most overall efficient diagnosis tools. According to Hirshberg Foundation for Pancreatic Cancer Research, this scan is used to accurately pinpoint the exact location and nature of the tumor. If the results from this CT scan appear to be inconclusive, then further procedures will be set into place. The Larascopy, mainly used for further examination, would be the next major step to take. A small camera, that displays an image of the pancreas on a T.V like screen, is inserted through a small surgical incision inside the pancreatic wall. This allows easier access for the doctors to take a closer look at the cancer. Lastly, a biopsy would be performed to official ly confirm the diagnosis. This procedure involves doctors entering the pancreas, and removing a small area of tissue from inside the infected organ. After the diagnosis has been confirmed, treatment

Prenatal Infection Self-Reacting Antibodies and the Development of Autism in Subsequent Offspring - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 847 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Autism Essay Did you like this example? Autism spectrum disorder, or ASD, is characterized by distinct abnormal behavioral changes, such as repetitiveness, communication difficulty, and lack of social skills. This disorder contains a broad spectrum of symptoms and behavioral difficulties which can vary greatly per individual (1). In recent years, autism has been linked to beginning as early as in the womb by initiating the mother’s immune system during pregnancy and/or producing antibodies that recognize fetal brain proteins as antigens and cause an immune response, leading to a loss of fetal brain proteins and inflammation (2). The idea that the immune system can play a role in the development of autism within the womb began with observing hospitalized mothers. Data regarding pregnant mothers who were hospitalized due to a serious infection and the diagnosis of ASD in their offspring were analyzed to determine if correlation existed. The results show that viral infections of mothers in their first trimester and bacterial infections in the second trimester were associated with the development of ASD in their subsequent offspring (3). The results here support other experiments and is beneficial in that it uses human subjects that were exposed to disease by circumstance only, not purposely. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Prenatal Infection Self-Reacting Antibodies and the Development of Autism in Subsequent Offspring" essay for you Create order Another study tested this idea by immune stimulation in pregnant rats. In a study performed in 2012, rat models that were in gestation were purposely infected to stimulate the immune system. The results show that the offspring displayed altered immune systems and function, with decreased levels of CD4+ TCR?+ Foxp3+ CD25+ T regulatory cells and heightened levels of IL-6 and IL-17 production by CD4+ T cells. These offspring also displayed similar behavioral symptoms to human ASD (4). At this point, the connection between the mother’s immune system and its ability to promote ASD in her offspring had been made, but the pathways of how it worked had yet to be discovered. The presence of autoimmune diseases in the mother also can play a role in ASD development. Mothers who were diagnosed with at least one autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or type 1 diabetes, were more likely to have children diagnosed with ASD. This further links autism with the infection of a mother in gestation (5). Mothers pass their own IgG isotype antibodies to their children within the womb, but they also can produce autism-associated maternal antibodies that specifically attack certain proteins within the brain of their unborn child. The presence of these antibodies has been linked to increased probability of the development of ASD in the child. One of the many studies that tested this pathway to why prenatal infection was correlated to ASD was focused on X. Women were tested for the presence of anti-fetal brain antibodies. Women who had immune systems that produced these antibodies also had decreased expression of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase led to behavioral changes in their offspring. This study also suggests that there is a predetermined genetic aspect to the production of self-reacting cytokines. A specific gene for MET receptor tyrosine kinase has been positively linked to the broken tolerance of the fetus, leading to the production of self-reacting antibodies. Decreased levels o f regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10, also led to reduced MET expression, which could play a role in the development of ASD in the unborn child (6). This suggests that the development of ASD can begin as early as in the womb. Mothers could also be tested for the presence of these self-reacting antibodies and the presence of the gene that decreases expression of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase to determine the likelihood of producing a child with ASD. When an immune response is initiated by a perceived antigen, an inflammatory state is produced in the affected area. Autism has been found to correlate with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. In a study published in 2011, blood samples were drawn from three groups of children with an average age of 3.4 – children diagnosed with autism (ASD), children with early symptoms of ASD, and children with no onset of ASD as a control. The samples were tested by an ELISA assay to determine the quantitative presence of inflammatory cytokines. The results show that there is a distinct difference between the control group and the children diagnosed with ASD, with the majority of the children diagnosed with ASD having a significant increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum. Post-mortem studies have also shown an increased level of inflammatory cytokines in the brain specifically, which could possibly be linked to the mother producing antibodies against the fetal brain during pregnancy (7). In conclusion, many bounds have been made in the study of autism, how it is caused, and how it can be prevented. Definite links in the cause of autism has been made between the activation of a pregnant mother’s immune system during the early stages of pregnancy and the production of self-reacting antibodies against the fetal brain. Though there is a definite link between these pathways and the diagnosis of ASD in her subsequent offspring, there are broad arrays of causes to ASD, just as there is a broad array of symptoms within the spectrum of this disorder.

Keeping Your People Pumped Free Essays

The article â€Å"Keeping Your People Pumped† by Naik discusses four effective ways – incentives – how to motivate employees and to create collective sense of purpose. In modern swiftly changing business environment it is necessary to refer to employee motivation to survive and to succeed in highly competitive environment. Therefore, the article contributes management field providing ways of performance improvement. We will write a custom essay sample on Keeping Your People Pumped or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article is easy for understanding and reading; thus, it is intended not only for professional who are aware of all business peculiarities, but also for non-professionals who are interested in becoming acquainted with new trends and tendencies in business world. The author’s purpose is likely to describe the importance of tools in motivating employees. In particular, the study aims at describing the following motivational factors: recognition, celebration, collective sense of purpose, balancing achievement and challenge. Naik, the author of the paper, explains why and how to motivate your employees. It is a matter of fact that motivated employees are needed as, it is mentioned above, business environment is swiftly hanging and empowered personnel helps organization to survive. Moreover, motivation results in increased productivity and higher job commitment. Employees are interested in job security, interesting work, and good working conditions. The key questions the author addresses are: How to keep your people pumped? Why motivation is claimed to be the biggest challenge? Every leader wants to increase job commitment in his employees, and the paper discusses four ways how to achieve the desired outcome. The author is very persuasive as he uses logical arguments, facts, and conclusions to defend position that motivated employees are the core of company’s success. Naik argues that money shouldn’t be the only motivator in the company because â€Å"even in employees who claim money doesn’t matter to them†. Money is important for energizing people, but it is necessary to motivate people â€Å"to invest their souls and hearts in their jobs†. Naik, mainly, discusses only non-monetary tools of employee motivation. The first tool is recognition. He means that it is necessary to announce publicly about achievements of either individual or a team. Moreover, he recommends talking about achievements at every opportunity. Personal appreciation and rewards are strong motivators. Employee’s work should be recognized; otherwise, they will feel de-motivated and hurt. Public recognition motivates competitive team members. Naik says that recognition should be in the form of engraved doodads and should never be in money form. The second tool is celebration. The author stresses that it is important to celebrate together company’s success and achievements because it promotes collective thinking and sense of belonging. Celebrating success is, surely, one of the most effective ways to keep people pumped. However, it is necessary to celebrate even the smallest victories to show that every victory is equally important for the company. It is a good way to increase productivity as well because small victories are new chances to congratulate employees and books their spirits to fight further. Celebrations are also recognition, though with fun involved. I agree with the author that every employee who has done a great job is wiling to hear: â€Å"Great job! I’m taking everyone to Mama Maria’s tonight†. The third tool is very powerful and can be used only if organization is clear with its purposes – collective sense of purpose. Too often bosses aren’t clear about their missions, and in such situations, tool may fail to help. Naik writes that â€Å"many leaders are so busy with the daily grind that their missions fall by the wayside†. Collective sense of purpose suggests that employees should understand and realize where they are going and what they are doing. Sense of purpose makes team confident about their tasks and responsibilities, what boss is waiting from them, etc. The author argues that the final tool is difficult in implementation, though it is very effective motivational tool. The author talks about the balancing achievement and challenge. He means that employees are motivated when they feel they are climbing on the top. They should see the end of their road. Leaders have to create jobs with â€Å"the right push-and-pull† because it increases competitiveness. The author draws relevant conclusion summing up main ideas discusses. He states that financial motivator isn’t on the top of the list. In many cases, personal appreciation and recognitions play crucial role in motivating people. However, some people consider money the only motivator. Professional leader should be aware of peculiarities of his working team to choose the best suited motivational tool. For example, money rarely gravitates toward business. Therefore, leader should think firstly about money as motivator, and when income increases, they may refer to other motivational tools. Apparent strength of the article is that the author provides real examples to intensify reader’s impression. He writes that one investment banker when being asked whether he was motivated, told that he was pleased with bonus, and â€Å"he was just as excited by how it measured up to the other top rainmakers in his firm†. So, money is also effective way of keeping the score. Nevertheless, Naik says that bankers are always caring about money. Therefore, when choosing motivational tools it is necessary to consider working environment. All employees need to feel they matter, and their work means something for leaders. Summing up, open appreciation, shared goal, celebration, and personal attention are the key motivators. How to cite Keeping Your People Pumped, Essay examples

Nursing Causes of Medication Errors

Question: Describe about the Nursing for Causes of Medication Errors. Answer: This paper is a review of the article Nursing students' perspectives of the cause of medication errors by Vaismoradi et al. (2014). This paper deals with key findings of the above article and evidences used by the author to support the key ideas presented in the paper. Vaismoradi et al. (2014) illustrates that medication errors are preventable and is vital to ensure patients safety. Nurses play a vital role in medication administration process. However, current literature mainly focuses on registered nurses thereby the author of this article takes keen interest to discover the ideas of nursing students about medication error. In this, article the author: Investigates about the perspective of the nurses about increasing medication errors Intends to discover if the education program for nurses incorporate the error management technique aims to research on the contribution made by the nursing students in medication management, as this area remains unreported intends to find out if there is a drift between being worried and being careful and presence of caring skills in nurses 2. Vaismoradi et al. (2014) has presented the reports of Mayo and Duncan (2004) which demonstrates that all medication errors are not reported due to fear of higher authority. Based on the qualitative study conducted with 24 nursing students, it was found that medicine management needs to be included in the nursing curricula as students have little knowledge about practical aspects of medication. Further, the results indicated that academic institutions and clinical mentors must support nursing students to become more competent and skilful, as students are not involved in medication-related activities. These findings are consistent with the studies of Papastrat and Wallace (2003) that illustrated the fact that nursing students are mainly involved in the risk free aspects of medication administration. Further findings showed that the knowledge and skills of nurse mentors have a great impact on students safe practice. Critical thinking skills are not empowered in students therefore the y lack confidence. The author highlights that the language concordance and health literacy are crucial for medication safety and the same is supported with the study of Bailey et al. (2009). The author investigated from the qualitative study that nursing student feels the need of investing additional time in high-fidelity skills laboratories and these findings were consistent with Wolf et al. (2006) which studied that performance deficits are the cause of medication errors. The key concept behind this idea is the fact that misconception arises due to differences in terminology. From the work of Jordan (2011), author illustrated that suboptimal staffing and equipment causes drug errors. The author also illustrates that the US nurses due to work place stress and uncooperative behaviour from patients may face occupational hazards. This argument was supported by data from Bureau of Labor Statistics. In conclusion, the research findings of Vaismoradi et al. (2014), confirms that medication error can be minimised by improving the nursing education programs by incorporating safe medication strategies or techniques. Further, nurse mentors should allow the students to deal with risk aspects of the medication administration procedure. References Bailey, S. C., Shrank, W. H., Parker, R. M., Davis, T. C., Wolf, M. S. (2013). Medication label improvement: an issue at the intersection of health literacy and patient safety.Journal of Communication in Healthcare. Jordan, S., 2011. Signposting the causes of medication errors.International nursing review,58(1), pp.45-46. Mayo, A.M. and Duncan, D., 2004. Nurse perceptions of medication errors: what we need to know for patient safety.Journal of nursing care quality,19(3), pp.209-217. Vaismoradi, M., Jordan, S., Turunen, H. and Bondas, T., 2014. Nursing students' perspectives of the cause of medication errors.Nurse education today,34(3), pp.434-440. Wolf, Z.R., Hicks, R. and Serembus, J.F., 2006. Characteristics of medication errors made by students during the administration phase: a descriptive study.Journal of Professional Nursing,22(1), pp.39-51.