Causes And Treatments Of Pancreatic Cancer - 832 Words

Hailey Luckie English 1301 Mrs.Bacon 23 October 2015 Pancreatic Cancer Cancer is a number one cause of death in both men and women around the world. Pancreatic cancer holds a survival rate of just 6% of people surviving within five years after being diagnosed, and there is still no definite cure to the deadly diagnosis. A majority of pancreatic cancer patients fight a long, tiring battle that they usually cannot defeat. Although, this cancer may be very deadly there are many early diagnosis procedures and treatments that can be performed to increase the chances of remission. With pancreatic cancer being one of the deadliest, not many people know exactly what this fatal disease consists of. Cancer is the rapid over growth of uncontrollable†¦show more content†¦As well as, yellowing of the patients skin, and often face the challenges of being able to digest food. Early symptoms and signs can lead patients into the early process of diagnosis tests, in order to confirm these faint symptoms. In order to begin the initial diagnosis process, an image of the pancreas, and a blood test is performed. The reasoning behind the blood test and imaging, is to verify the intensity of the cancerous cells, and the allow the doctors to determine how many organs have been affected. The Helix â€Å"Spiral† CT Scan, one of the most overall efficient diagnosis tools. According to Hirshberg Foundation for Pancreatic Cancer Research, this scan is used to accurately pinpoint the exact location and nature of the tumor. If the results from this CT scan appear to be inconclusive, then further procedures will be set into place. The Larascopy, mainly used for further examination, would be the next major step to take. A small camera, that displays an image of the pancreas on a T.V like screen, is inserted through a small surgical incision inside the pancreatic wall. This allows easier access for the doctors to take a closer look at the cancer. Lastly, a biopsy would be performed to official ly confirm the diagnosis. This procedure involves doctors entering the pancreas, and removing a small area of tissue from inside the infected organ. After the diagnosis has been confirmed, treatment

Prenatal Infection Self-Reacting Antibodies and the Development of Autism in Subsequent Offspring - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 847 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Autism Essay Did you like this example? Autism spectrum disorder, or ASD, is characterized by distinct abnormal behavioral changes, such as repetitiveness, communication difficulty, and lack of social skills. This disorder contains a broad spectrum of symptoms and behavioral difficulties which can vary greatly per individual (1). In recent years, autism has been linked to beginning as early as in the womb by initiating the mother’s immune system during pregnancy and/or producing antibodies that recognize fetal brain proteins as antigens and cause an immune response, leading to a loss of fetal brain proteins and inflammation (2). The idea that the immune system can play a role in the development of autism within the womb began with observing hospitalized mothers. Data regarding pregnant mothers who were hospitalized due to a serious infection and the diagnosis of ASD in their offspring were analyzed to determine if correlation existed. The results show that viral infections of mothers in their first trimester and bacterial infections in the second trimester were associated with the development of ASD in their subsequent offspring (3). The results here support other experiments and is beneficial in that it uses human subjects that were exposed to disease by circumstance only, not purposely. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Prenatal Infection Self-Reacting Antibodies and the Development of Autism in Subsequent Offspring" essay for you Create order Another study tested this idea by immune stimulation in pregnant rats. In a study performed in 2012, rat models that were in gestation were purposely infected to stimulate the immune system. The results show that the offspring displayed altered immune systems and function, with decreased levels of CD4+ TCR?+ Foxp3+ CD25+ T regulatory cells and heightened levels of IL-6 and IL-17 production by CD4+ T cells. These offspring also displayed similar behavioral symptoms to human ASD (4). At this point, the connection between the mother’s immune system and its ability to promote ASD in her offspring had been made, but the pathways of how it worked had yet to be discovered. The presence of autoimmune diseases in the mother also can play a role in ASD development. Mothers who were diagnosed with at least one autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or type 1 diabetes, were more likely to have children diagnosed with ASD. This further links autism with the infection of a mother in gestation (5). Mothers pass their own IgG isotype antibodies to their children within the womb, but they also can produce autism-associated maternal antibodies that specifically attack certain proteins within the brain of their unborn child. The presence of these antibodies has been linked to increased probability of the development of ASD in the child. One of the many studies that tested this pathway to why prenatal infection was correlated to ASD was focused on X. Women were tested for the presence of anti-fetal brain antibodies. Women who had immune systems that produced these antibodies also had decreased expression of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase led to behavioral changes in their offspring. This study also suggests that there is a predetermined genetic aspect to the production of self-reacting cytokines. A specific gene for MET receptor tyrosine kinase has been positively linked to the broken tolerance of the fetus, leading to the production of self-reacting antibodies. Decreased levels o f regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10, also led to reduced MET expression, which could play a role in the development of ASD in the unborn child (6). This suggests that the development of ASD can begin as early as in the womb. Mothers could also be tested for the presence of these self-reacting antibodies and the presence of the gene that decreases expression of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase to determine the likelihood of producing a child with ASD. When an immune response is initiated by a perceived antigen, an inflammatory state is produced in the affected area. Autism has been found to correlate with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. In a study published in 2011, blood samples were drawn from three groups of children with an average age of 3.4 – children diagnosed with autism (ASD), children with early symptoms of ASD, and children with no onset of ASD as a control. The samples were tested by an ELISA assay to determine the quantitative presence of inflammatory cytokines. The results show that there is a distinct difference between the control group and the children diagnosed with ASD, with the majority of the children diagnosed with ASD having a significant increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum. Post-mortem studies have also shown an increased level of inflammatory cytokines in the brain specifically, which could possibly be linked to the mother producing antibodies against the fetal brain during pregnancy (7). In conclusion, many bounds have been made in the study of autism, how it is caused, and how it can be prevented. Definite links in the cause of autism has been made between the activation of a pregnant mother’s immune system during the early stages of pregnancy and the production of self-reacting antibodies against the fetal brain. Though there is a definite link between these pathways and the diagnosis of ASD in her subsequent offspring, there are broad arrays of causes to ASD, just as there is a broad array of symptoms within the spectrum of this disorder.

Keeping Your People Pumped Free Essays

The article â€Å"Keeping Your People Pumped† by Naik discusses four effective ways – incentives – how to motivate employees and to create collective sense of purpose. In modern swiftly changing business environment it is necessary to refer to employee motivation to survive and to succeed in highly competitive environment. Therefore, the article contributes management field providing ways of performance improvement. We will write a custom essay sample on Keeping Your People Pumped or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article is easy for understanding and reading; thus, it is intended not only for professional who are aware of all business peculiarities, but also for non-professionals who are interested in becoming acquainted with new trends and tendencies in business world. The author’s purpose is likely to describe the importance of tools in motivating employees. In particular, the study aims at describing the following motivational factors: recognition, celebration, collective sense of purpose, balancing achievement and challenge. Naik, the author of the paper, explains why and how to motivate your employees. It is a matter of fact that motivated employees are needed as, it is mentioned above, business environment is swiftly hanging and empowered personnel helps organization to survive. Moreover, motivation results in increased productivity and higher job commitment. Employees are interested in job security, interesting work, and good working conditions. The key questions the author addresses are: How to keep your people pumped? Why motivation is claimed to be the biggest challenge? Every leader wants to increase job commitment in his employees, and the paper discusses four ways how to achieve the desired outcome. The author is very persuasive as he uses logical arguments, facts, and conclusions to defend position that motivated employees are the core of company’s success. Naik argues that money shouldn’t be the only motivator in the company because â€Å"even in employees who claim money doesn’t matter to them†. Money is important for energizing people, but it is necessary to motivate people â€Å"to invest their souls and hearts in their jobs†. Naik, mainly, discusses only non-monetary tools of employee motivation. The first tool is recognition. He means that it is necessary to announce publicly about achievements of either individual or a team. Moreover, he recommends talking about achievements at every opportunity. Personal appreciation and rewards are strong motivators. Employee’s work should be recognized; otherwise, they will feel de-motivated and hurt. Public recognition motivates competitive team members. Naik says that recognition should be in the form of engraved doodads and should never be in money form. The second tool is celebration. The author stresses that it is important to celebrate together company’s success and achievements because it promotes collective thinking and sense of belonging. Celebrating success is, surely, one of the most effective ways to keep people pumped. However, it is necessary to celebrate even the smallest victories to show that every victory is equally important for the company. It is a good way to increase productivity as well because small victories are new chances to congratulate employees and books their spirits to fight further. Celebrations are also recognition, though with fun involved. I agree with the author that every employee who has done a great job is wiling to hear: â€Å"Great job! I’m taking everyone to Mama Maria’s tonight†. The third tool is very powerful and can be used only if organization is clear with its purposes – collective sense of purpose. Too often bosses aren’t clear about their missions, and in such situations, tool may fail to help. Naik writes that â€Å"many leaders are so busy with the daily grind that their missions fall by the wayside†. Collective sense of purpose suggests that employees should understand and realize where they are going and what they are doing. Sense of purpose makes team confident about their tasks and responsibilities, what boss is waiting from them, etc. The author argues that the final tool is difficult in implementation, though it is very effective motivational tool. The author talks about the balancing achievement and challenge. He means that employees are motivated when they feel they are climbing on the top. They should see the end of their road. Leaders have to create jobs with â€Å"the right push-and-pull† because it increases competitiveness. The author draws relevant conclusion summing up main ideas discusses. He states that financial motivator isn’t on the top of the list. In many cases, personal appreciation and recognitions play crucial role in motivating people. However, some people consider money the only motivator. Professional leader should be aware of peculiarities of his working team to choose the best suited motivational tool. For example, money rarely gravitates toward business. Therefore, leader should think firstly about money as motivator, and when income increases, they may refer to other motivational tools. Apparent strength of the article is that the author provides real examples to intensify reader’s impression. He writes that one investment banker when being asked whether he was motivated, told that he was pleased with bonus, and â€Å"he was just as excited by how it measured up to the other top rainmakers in his firm†. So, money is also effective way of keeping the score. Nevertheless, Naik says that bankers are always caring about money. Therefore, when choosing motivational tools it is necessary to consider working environment. All employees need to feel they matter, and their work means something for leaders. Summing up, open appreciation, shared goal, celebration, and personal attention are the key motivators. How to cite Keeping Your People Pumped, Essay examples

Nursing Causes of Medication Errors

Question: Describe about the Nursing for Causes of Medication Errors. Answer: This paper is a review of the article Nursing students' perspectives of the cause of medication errors by Vaismoradi et al. (2014). This paper deals with key findings of the above article and evidences used by the author to support the key ideas presented in the paper. Vaismoradi et al. (2014) illustrates that medication errors are preventable and is vital to ensure patients safety. Nurses play a vital role in medication administration process. However, current literature mainly focuses on registered nurses thereby the author of this article takes keen interest to discover the ideas of nursing students about medication error. In this, article the author: Investigates about the perspective of the nurses about increasing medication errors Intends to discover if the education program for nurses incorporate the error management technique aims to research on the contribution made by the nursing students in medication management, as this area remains unreported intends to find out if there is a drift between being worried and being careful and presence of caring skills in nurses 2. Vaismoradi et al. (2014) has presented the reports of Mayo and Duncan (2004) which demonstrates that all medication errors are not reported due to fear of higher authority. Based on the qualitative study conducted with 24 nursing students, it was found that medicine management needs to be included in the nursing curricula as students have little knowledge about practical aspects of medication. Further, the results indicated that academic institutions and clinical mentors must support nursing students to become more competent and skilful, as students are not involved in medication-related activities. These findings are consistent with the studies of Papastrat and Wallace (2003) that illustrated the fact that nursing students are mainly involved in the risk free aspects of medication administration. Further findings showed that the knowledge and skills of nurse mentors have a great impact on students safe practice. Critical thinking skills are not empowered in students therefore the y lack confidence. The author highlights that the language concordance and health literacy are crucial for medication safety and the same is supported with the study of Bailey et al. (2009). The author investigated from the qualitative study that nursing student feels the need of investing additional time in high-fidelity skills laboratories and these findings were consistent with Wolf et al. (2006) which studied that performance deficits are the cause of medication errors. The key concept behind this idea is the fact that misconception arises due to differences in terminology. From the work of Jordan (2011), author illustrated that suboptimal staffing and equipment causes drug errors. The author also illustrates that the US nurses due to work place stress and uncooperative behaviour from patients may face occupational hazards. This argument was supported by data from Bureau of Labor Statistics. In conclusion, the research findings of Vaismoradi et al. (2014), confirms that medication error can be minimised by improving the nursing education programs by incorporating safe medication strategies or techniques. Further, nurse mentors should allow the students to deal with risk aspects of the medication administration procedure. References Bailey, S. C., Shrank, W. H., Parker, R. M., Davis, T. C., Wolf, M. S. (2013). Medication label improvement: an issue at the intersection of health literacy and patient safety.Journal of Communication in Healthcare. Jordan, S., 2011. Signposting the causes of medication errors.International nursing review,58(1), pp.45-46. Mayo, A.M. and Duncan, D., 2004. Nurse perceptions of medication errors: what we need to know for patient safety.Journal of nursing care quality,19(3), pp.209-217. Vaismoradi, M., Jordan, S., Turunen, H. and Bondas, T., 2014. Nursing students' perspectives of the cause of medication errors.Nurse education today,34(3), pp.434-440. Wolf, Z.R., Hicks, R. and Serembus, J.F., 2006. Characteristics of medication errors made by students during the administration phase: a descriptive study.Journal of Professional Nursing,22(1), pp.39-51.